Английский для поступающих в вузы
Краткий англо-русский разговорник
Confusing words
Упражнения по переводу с русского на английский
Тексты с параллельным переводом
Essays
Продажа аренда посуточно квартир в киеве .;Кофемашины аренда кофеварок и кофемашин .
The 'zero' article : :
Indefinite articles : :
Definite articles : : Questions with like : :
Question tags : :
Time prepositions : :
Reported Speech : : Simple passive : :
Continuous passive : : Because and because of : :
To, for, so that : :
'-ed' and '-ing' adjectives : :
Need + verb-ing : :
Have something done : :
Must : :
Have to / don't have to : :
Used to : :
Wish + Past Perfect : :
In reported speech, we usually put the verb in the reported clause back one tense:
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Present Present Perfect Past |
Past Past Perfect Past Perfect |
In direct speech we use inverted commas to show the exact words the person said.
For example:
"I'm from Spain."
In reported speech, we don't use inverted commas.
She told me that she was from Spain.
Если в прямой речи глагол главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то при преобразовании прямой речи в косвенную время глагола придаточного предложения меняется в соответствии с правилами последовательности употребления времён.
Таким образом:
- вместо настоящего употребляется прошедшее время (Past Indefinite / Continuous)
- вместо прошедшего употребляется прошедшее свершённое время (Past Perfect).
При изменении прямой речи в косвенную соблюдаются следующие правила:
1. Запятая и кавычки опускаются.
2. Все личные и притяжательные местоимения изменяются в зависимости от лица, от которого ведется речь. (1л. →3л., 2л.→ 1, 3л.)
3. Возможен союз "that".
4.
а) В утвердительном предложении глагол в повелительном наклонении заменяется инфинитивом.
"Please help me with this work, Henry," said Robert.
Robert asked Henry to help him with the work.
б) В отрицательном предложении 1 форма глагола изменяется на "not" + инфинитив.
"Don't be late for dinner," said mother to us.
Mother told us not to be late for dinner.
5. В вопросах соблюдается прямой порядок слов.
"Where do you live?"
She asked me where I lived.
6. Общие вопросы вводятся словами "if, whether".
"Are you living in a hotel?"
She asked me if I was living in a hotel.
7. Специальные вопросы вводятся вопросительными словами.
"When will he come back?"
They wanted to know when he would come back.
8. Глагол say заменяется глаголом tell
says to Olga - tells Olga, said to Boris - told Boris.
Не asked the guard what time the train usually starts.
He told me that Mary is quite diligent, works hard, sings beautifully.
I remembered that boys will be boys, and that you cannot put old heads on
young shoulders.
He said he is going tomorrow.
В некоторых случаях отсутствие согласования в косвенной речи вызвано так называемым правилом "общей истины". Содержание придаточного предложения имеет совсем иную временную ориентацию, чем содержание главного, и не может изменить своё темпоральное поле под влиянием главного глагола, так как это качественно изменит семантику высказывания. В качестве примера можно привести предложение: "Columbus said that the world is round."
| Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте времена, как указано в таблице: | |
| Sequence of Tenses | |
| Не lives in New York. I thought that he lived in New York. Mother is sleeping. I knew that mother was sleeping. |
Одновременное действие Одновременное действие |
| He has returned from
London. I was told that he had returned from London. He bought a new car. I heard that he had bought a new car. |
Предшествующее
действие Предшествующее действие |
| He will send us a
letter. I supposed that he would send us a letter. |
Последующее действие |
Упражнение 307. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление времен в русском и английском языках.
1. When he learnt that his son always received excellent marks in all the subjects at school, he was very pleased.2. When he learnt that his son had received an excellent mark at school, he was very pleased.
3. We did not know where our friends went every evening.
4. We did not know where our friends had gone.
5. She said that her best friend was a doctor.
6. She said that her best friend had been a doctor.
7. I didn't know that you worked at the Hermitage.
8. I didn't know that you had worked at the Hermitage.
9. I knew that you were ill.
10. I knew that you had been ill.
11. We found that she left home at eight o'clock every morning.
12. We found that she had left home at eight o'clock that morning.
Упражнение 308. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени. Обратите внимание на зависимость времени придаточного дополнительного предложения от времени главного.
1. My uncle says he has just come back from the Caucasus.2. He says he has spent a fortnight in the Caucasus.
3. He says it did him a lot of good.
4. He says he feels better now.
5. He says his wife and he spent most of their time on the beach.
6. He says they did a lot of sightseeing.
7. He says he has a good camera.
8. He says he took many photographs while travelling in the Caucasus.
9. He says he will come to see us next Sunday.
10. He says he will bring and show us the photographs he took during his stay in the Caucasus.